But if we could not thus account for the little that is said about thein that Work， the inference would be against it， and not against this Book。 There can be no doubt as to the genuineness of the first half of par.5. If all the rest of the Book be forged， so ch—立太師， 太傅， 太保， 茲惟三公—has co to us with the guarantee of Ch’ing Heuen； and even K?ang Shing edits it as a veritable fragnt of ’The Officers of Chow’。】

Pp。 7—12. The six chief nisters of the executive。Only the nister is ntioned， but in every case we are to understand that he was the head of a departnt with ny subordinate officers。 There is a close correspondence between those six departnts of Chow， and the ’six Boards’ （六部） by which the govt。 of the eire is now adnistered。 7. 冢 （=大） 宰，—’the great or pri governor’。 The na was as old as the Shang dynasty， for we find it applied to E Yin， Pt。 IV。，Bk。 IV。， p。 1. This was the office of the duke of Chow（see Bk。 XVII。， p。 1）， who united with it the dignity of’Grand Tutor’。 The 冢宰 is ’the officer of Heaven’ （天官） of the Chow Le， and is represented now by the ’Board of Civil Office’ （吏部）。 He was superior to all the other great nisters， and was called ’their Head’ （六卿之首）。This difference between hiand theis intited，I think， by the 統百官， ’has the general nagent of all the officers’。 This is probably what is intended by the difficult clause in Pt。 IV。， Bk。 IV， p。 1， 百官總已以聽冢宰 st understand 立， frop。 5， at the coencent of this and the other parr。

8. the nister of Instruction， who presides over the education of the eire， inculcates the duties attaching to the five relations of society， and trains to obedience the people：

9. the nister of Religion， who presides over the cerenies of the eire， attends to the service of the spirits and nes， and kes a harny between high and low；

10. The nister of War， who presides over the litary adnistration of the eire， coands the six hosts， and secures the tranquillity of all the States：

11. the nister of Cri， who presides over the prohibitions of the eire， searches out the villainous and secretly wicked， and punishes oppressors and disturbers of the peace：

The 邦 in theis also to be taken as=邦國， ’the eire’。 8. 司徒，—’the super-intendent of the ltitudes，’ perhaps with a reference to the aning of徒 as ’disciples’。 This officer was as old as the ti of Shun；—see the ’Can。 of Shun，’ p。 19. He is the ’officer of Earth’ （地官） of the Chow Le。 His departnt see to rge in that of the present ’Board of Rites’， for we can hardly identify it with the ’Board of Revenue’ （戶部）。

敷五典，—co。 ’敬敷五典， Can。 of Shun’， p。 19. =擾安， ’to tranquillize’。 Ts’ae for 擾兆民 gives 馴擾兆民之不順者， 而使之順。 9. 宗伯，—this office was also as oldas the ti of Shun。 See ’Can。 of Shun’， p。 23； which supplies an explanation of the na 宗伯， as=宗廟官長， chief officer of the ancestral tele’。 Otherwise，we ght translate it by—’The reverend’， ’The very reverend’。 He was the ’officer of the Spring’ （春官） of the Chow Le； and his departnt now is that of the Board of Rites （禮部）， which also absorbs in a great asure the functions of the ’nister of Instruction’as I have observed。 治神人= the 掌建邦之天神地袛人鬼之醴， ’nages the cerenies to be paid to the spirits of Heaven， of Earth， and of n，’ of the Chow Le。 Gaubil says：—’Il s’agit des cerenies religieuse pour les esprits， et des civiles pour les hoes rts。’One cannot restrain a sle at the distinction which he introduces between the cerenies， as here ’religious’，and there only ’civil’！ 和上下，—all festive， funeral， and other cerenies， as well as those of sacrifice， ca under the 宗伯， who had therefore to define the order of rank， precedence， &c。 This is what is intended by the ’high and low’ of the text。 10. —’司馬，Tsae says that ’no arof warlike asures is re iortant than the cavalry， and hence the nister of War was called “ster of the Horse”’ （軍政莫急於馬， 故以司馬名官）。 This nister does not appear ang the officers of Shun。 He is the ’officer of Suer’ （夏官） of the Chow Le， and appears in the ’Board of War’ （兵部） of the present day。 掌邦政，—’handles the govt。 of the eire’。 But the sa ght be said of every other nister；—why is the na of ’governnt’ used only in connection with the nister of War？ Ts’ae says：—’litary asures are used to punish and to ste，—to correct the evil doers； they are the greatest of the asures of ierial govt。’ （戎政用以征伐而正彼之不正， 王政之大者） 。六師，—see on ’The Punitive Expedition of Yin，’ p。 1.

11. 司寇，—’nager of banditti’ （群行攻劫日寇）。 Kaou-yaou was Shun’s nister of Cri， though he was only called 士； see the ’Can。 of Shun，’ p。 20.

12. and the nister of Works， who presides over the land of the eire， settles the four classes of the people， and regulates the seasons for obtaining the advantages of the ground。

13. “These six nisters， with their different duties，lead on their subordinates， and set an exale to the nine pastors of the provinces， enriching and perfecting the condition of the llions of the people。

14. In six years the chiefs of the five tenures attend once at court。 When this has been done a second six years， the king kes his tours of inspection in the four seasons， and exanes the regulations and asures at the four untains。

There is now the ’Board of Punishnt’ （刑部）； but the text says that the nister of Cri handled the prohibitions of the eire’。 ’He is so described，’observes Ch’in King， ’to show the benevolent purpose of punishnts， as instituted to deter n frodoing evil’。 This nister was ’the officer of Autu’ （秋官） of the Chow Le。 12. 司空，—’the nister of Works’。He was the ’officer of Winter’ （冬官）， of the Chow Le，the portion of which relating to his departnt was unfortunately lost， though the scholars or the Han dynasty have endeavoured to supply it。 The present’Board of Works’ （工部） corresponds to this nister，and his functions。 In the ’Canon of Shun’ we have the na of 司空， and also of 共工， which appears to have been the re ancient designation；—see the ’Can。of Yaou，’ p。 10. 司空 y be translated—’overseer of the unoccupied’， suggesting to us that the earliest duties of this nister st have been to assign unoccupied lands。 Kin Le-ts’?ang says：— ’The 司空was the nister who naged unoccupied ground（空土）， dividing and defining thein preparation for the investiture of nisters； for dotations to officers；for assignnt as fields to husbandn， shops to chanics， and stances to trackers。 All the ground unapportioned was under his nagent； once apportioned， the nister of War and the nister of Instruction had then to do with it。’ See the 集說。 居四民，—’settles the four classes of the people，’ i。e。，arranges that scholars or officers， farrs， workers，and rchants shall all live in the places best adapted for the

。skroW fo retsin eht fo ytirohtua dna ecivda eht yb enod eb ot lla—；elbarised eb ot oc thg stnelttes fo slaver dna segnahc taht dna ，sit tnereffid ta deriuqer eb thg snoitarepo tnereffid taht yli otees dluow sihT 。’htrae eht fo segatnavda eht sit’—，利地時

。txet eht ni debircsed tahtorf tnegnarra tnereffid a ees sihT 。sraey xis yreve ，uoaY eht fo dna ；sraey evif yreve ，ieW eht fo ；sraey ruof yreve ，ea’sT eht fo ；sraey eerht yreve，naN eht fo ；sraey owt yreve ，neeT eht fo esoht ；raey yreve truoc ta deraeppa erunet woH eht fo secnirp eht taht dias si ti ，。IIIVXXX 。kB ，eL wohC eht ni—，年六又至年六 .41 。secnirorp fo srotsap eht dna truoc lairei eht ta sretsin xis eht neewteb deniatni erew snoitacinuoc woh wohS ehtorf nrael ton od eW 。’srotsap enin eht—ot elaxe na eb—erofeb og ot’ —，牧九倡以 。col ni ea’k-ezS ni’hC fo krow eht eeS 。tsol eb ot deveileb ylnooc si hcihw fo tnuocca eht ，skroW fo retsin eht fo 。tped eht fo sreciffo eht ot yllanigiro degnoleb ，desoppus si ti ，hcae ni ssecxe ehT .56 ，irC fo retsin eht fo taht dna ；96 ，raW fo retsin eht fo taht ；96 ，noigileR fo retsin eht fo taht ；67 ，noitcurtsnI fo retsin eht fo taht ；sreciffo 86 sah retsin irp eht fo 。tped eht ，revewoh ，stsixe eL wohC eht sA 。ytxis ot ，yroeht ni ，detnua tntraped hcae fo setanidrobus ehT 。’tntraped sih ot gnignoleb esoht no sdael eno hcae’—，屬其率各 .31 。truoc ta secnirp suoirav eht fo secnaraeppa dna ，sessergorp lairei rof elur dna ；secnivorp eht fo srotsap eht ot sretsin xis eht fo noitaleR .41 ，31 。pP

”。ecnegilletni taerg htiw dedrawa era noitadarged dna snoitorp dna ，retrauq sih fo niatnu eht ta hcae ih no dnetta secnirp ehT

。tneidebo yldalg eb dna ，uoy ni ecnedifnoc evah lliw elpoep eht dna ，ia hsifles lla hsiugnitxe gnileef cilbup ruoy yB 。detcarter eb ton dna tceffe otni deirrac eb ts yeht ，deussi ecno ，rof；eussi uoy sdnaoc eht fo luferac eb dna ，segrahc ruoy ot noitnetta tnerever yap ，eciffo fo sreipucco ，eutriv fo n ey lla ！hO“ ，dias gnik ehT .51

。rorreorf eerf eb lliw tnnrevog fo stra ruoy dna ，ydutshcus fo pleh yb enreted ，sriaffa no gnitarebiled nI。seciffo ruoy no retne ot redro ni ytiuqitna ydutS .61

。lavretni regnol a yb sessergorp eht etarapes ot yrassecen dnuof saw ti ，werg noitalupop sti dna erie eht sA 。seno etaidretni eht gnirud deraeppa lla selbon eht dna，sraey evif yreve ed erew sessergorp s’nuhS .9 ，8，rrap eraoC—，下以巡時乃王 。eerga stnuocca owt eht ek ot ，rehto eht ro esac eno eht ni rehtie deniarts eb ts noitaterpretni ehT 。yldetaeper deraeppa evah dluow erunet uoaY eht fo esoht tub lla ，ytirohtua rehto eht ot 。cca ，saerehw ，ecno ylno ereht raeppa ot secnirp eht ek ot raeppa dluow txet eht taht ，siht ni reffid yehT 。truoc ta deraeppa dah serunet eht llaorf ecnirp eht sraey xis ni taht ，eerga raf os eL wohC eht fo dna oohS eht fo txet ehT 。it s’gnihC gnik ni fo tnuocca hc ed eb ot ，sniod reraen eht fo redro eht ot decuder elttil oot dna ，tnatsid oot saw erunet uoaY eht spahrep—；xis ton dna serunet evif snoitn txet ehT

。seitud rieht fo egrahcsid rieht ot redro ni—tneserp eht dna tsap eht htiw sevleeht gnitniauqca fo—yduts fo ytissecen ehT .61 。服懷信敬不莫民=懷允其民 。ti htiw gnilaed fo yaw retteb onees erehT 。行不而逆壅其不 ，行其出令—。sesac htob ni ti rof sevig ea’sT 。反惟弗 ni yllaicepse ，惟eht htiw si ytluciffid ehT 。’tcartser ot’ ruo ot lauqe ylraen ereh si tI 。’kcab oc ot’ ，’nruter ot’ ，還囘=反—，反惟弗 ，行惟出令。 noitcidsiruj rieht rednu elpoep eht oteht fo yna yb seciton dda dluow I hcihw ot ；setanidrobus rieht ot sreciffo roirepus yb deussi eb ot sredro sa ，ne?h-oosT ueL htiw ，ereh sdnaoc eht dnatsrednu I 。fleih ngierevos ehtorf sa htrof og dluow sredro hcuS 。os kniht tonnac I tub ，）令政家國（ ’snoitacifiton latnnrevog’ saeht ekat scitirc ts ？ereh 令 yb dnatsrednu ot ew era sdnaoctahw—，令出乃慎 ，職之主所汝敬=司攸乃欽。 sreciffo sih rof tcepser sih swohs suht gnik eht ；稱之德有 sa ereh nekat tseb si 子君 。ssenhsifles lla yawa gnittup ni dna ，sredro gniussi fo rett eht ni yllaicepse ，seciffo rieht ot dnetta dluohs yeht woH .51 。SEITUD RIEHT EGRAHCSID DLUOHS YEHT HCIHW NI YAW EHT OT SA SRECIFFO DNA SRETSIN EHT OT SNOITATROHXE SUOIRAV—：SSERDDA EHT FO TRAP DRIHT .02—51 。pP 。VI 。hC

。elbuort fo lluf eb lliw sriaffa fo tnegan ruoy dna ，llaw a gnicaf dnats uoy ，yduts tuohtiW 。tnnrevog ruoy niur ot yaw eht si tnereffidni dna eldi eb ot ；snalp ruoy niur ot yaw eht si stbuod etalucca oT 。seciffo ruoy otni redrosid ecudortni sehceeps luftra htiw ton od dna，elur ruoy ytsanyd ruo fo setutats raluger eht ek

。dediova era seitluciffid erutuf taht noisiced dlob fo sna yb si tI 。ecnegilid yb ylno degralne si ynirtap a dna ia hgih eht no sdneped tir detlaxe ，selbon hgih ，uoy noituac I .71

。tnule htiw yaw as eht ni ecnagavartxe dna ，deviecrepnu soc edirp ，knar htiW .81

。常典由卒 ，4 。p ’，ieW fo tnuocsiv eht ot egrahC ehT’ni taht tnitnes eht htiw eraoc y eW 。法師為奉，由率遵祗 ，常典王先於宜尤 ，庶小大爾 ，也常典之代當皆 ，畫經所之公周武文我如 ，法為朝本以當又 ，者今於宜即未而 ，古於宜有 ，事下天然—：ylihtgnel rehtar hguoht，ylraelc 師之作常典爾其 sdnapxe ’noitanalpxE yliaD’ehT 。ytsanyd gnitsixe eht fo setutats eht dnatsrednu ot era ew 常典 yb—，厥至爾其 。na’hc-ezsT as eht htiw noitcennoc ni ，年六昭 ，傳左 eht ni detouq eb otosla ees 制以事議 esualc ehT .5 。p ，。XI 。kB 。oc，ecivda eht fo noitartsulli nI 。也者學政以聞未 ，政後而學聞僑—syas eh nehw ，年一十二襄 ，傳左 eht ni srefer ，gni’hC fo sretsin eht ，na’hc-ezsT taht sdrow eseht ot ，tbuod on ，si ti ；而古學—，迷不至古學

。’ssenisub fo feiht eht si noitanitsarcorP’—yas esenihC eht ’；it fo feiht eht si noitanitsarcorP’—yas eW 。傳左 ehtorf si noisserpxe tsal sihT 。也賊之事者需 ，之避神鬼 ，疑不以斷 yb tnitnes eht setartsulli eH oohC 。oohS eht fo ecnene rap elcitrap eht dellaceb y hcihw ，惟 eht fo esu eht etartsulli ot siht ot noitnetta llac I 。c;pma& ，志乃崇以所之功 ro ，志在功崇 ro ，崇志以功 yb desserpxe eb y siht—，志惟崇功 。者事掌其舉 ，士卿言但 ，位有凡戒此—：syas ǒwk-naG eht ot noitacilppa sti enifnoc ton deen ew tub ’；sreciffo dna sretsin feihc eht’ ，士卿 eht ot desserdda si ）osla wollof taht srehto eht ，ea’sT htiw ，esoppus y ew dna（ ecivda sihT 。noisiced fo dna ，ecnegilid fo ia hgiha fo ytissecen ehT .71 。x ，。IIVX ，。anA 。noC eraoc—，面牆學不 。度厥改言側以罔 ，章舊明聰作無—，weiv rehtie fo ruovaf ni enreted ot dedaelp eb y ，7 。p’，ea’sT fo gnuhC ot egrahC ehT’ ni dias si tahW 。netsil sreciffo eht snoitseggus esohw ot srehto fo esoht era yeht skniht yay-gnǎK gnaW ；sevleeht sreciffo eht fo esoht era ’shtu prahs’ eht skniht ea’sT—，口利

。diputs er oceb yliad lliw uoy dna ，deliot eb lliw sdn ruoy dna ，ysircopyh nieht esitcarP 。elbarda er oceb yliad lliw uoy dna ，esae ta eb lliw sdn ruoy dna ，seutriv saeht esitcarP 。ysircopyh htiw sriaffa ruoy nieht wohs ton od dna ，seutriv laer eb onoce dna ecnerever teL

。deraef eb ot si tahw tsda fleih sdnif noisneherppa hcus tuohtiw si ohw eH 。noisneherppa suoituac a tuohtiw eb reven dna ，lirep fo kniht ruovaf fo tnyojne eht nI .91

”。ytud ruoy ot lauqe ton era uoy neht ，n repori ecnavda uoy fI。sruoy si ytiliba eht ，seciffo rieht rof elba era ecnavda uoyohw esoht fI 。noisufnoc delgnat a soceb tnnrevog eht ，suoinrah ton era yeht nehW。sreciffo ruoy lla gna liaverp lliw ynrah dna ，elba eht ot ecalp evig dna ，yhtrow eht drawrof hsuP .02

。）ivx ，。I 。tP 。VI（ ，哉為貌笑音聲以可豈儉恭 etorw eh nehw ，weiv ni egassap siht dah ylbaborp suicn 。載 eht htiw siht naht retteb gnihtyna od tonnac I ’。ysircopyh ruoy rof ）yevnoc ot segair-rac=（ secnayevnoc yler ton dna ，suoutriv ylurt eb ts ）ecnagavartxe rof eruc eht（ onoce dna ）edirp rof eruc eht（ ecnereveR’ ，偽爾載無 ，德惟儉恭 fo gnina eht si sihT 。seutriv eurt—，dussa ton dna，laer eb ts onoce dna ecnerever siht tuB 。）儉（’onoce’ si ecnagavartxe rof eruc eht ，ylraliS 。ti yb pu detfil eb ton lliw eh knar sih evoba fleih ni si eh taht leef n a fI 。’tcepser-fles’ llac ew tahw ot nika ，）恭（ ’ecnerever’ si edirp rof eruc ehT .11 。p ’，uY fo slesnuoC ehT’ ni ，治予於期 no ，期 ot gnina eht rof ，ees—，驕期不位 。ecnagavartxe dna edirp tsniagA .81

。其修能者舉所=其能舉 。ereh ti ot nevig ylnooc si ，’noisufnoc’ ， fo gnina ehT 。’kcor taerg a fo ecnaraeppa eht’ ，貌大石 yb 庬 senifed 文說 eht—，庬政。’elba eht otecnasialoc wohsdleiy’——，能讓 。篇尼仲 ，gni’K nueS ni dnuof era ，能讓賢推—sretcarahc ruof tsrif ehT 。suoirotir eht ecnavda ot egatnavda cilbup eht dna doog nwo rieht rof eb dluow ti woH .02’。ecargsid dna worhtrevo fo ytalac eht setacidni tsal eht elihw ，dn eht fo noisneherppa eht dnetni 畏 owt tsrif eht’ taht sevresbo gnih-ehS nihS 。中之畏可於則，畏祗知不=畏畏弗 。c 。l ，ǎ?k-ea’T eht fo noitcurtsnoc eht ot gnidrocca ，思=sa 畏惟 ni 惟 eht ekat y eW 。寵ro 安 htiw ，年一十囊 ，傳左 eht ni detouq txet eht dnifeW 。危惟 ，位厥安無 ，5 。p ，。iii。tP ，ǎ?k-ea’T ehT’ ni 。oc—，危思寵居 。ytisrevda fo kniht ytirepsorp nI .91

”。setatS dair eht gna noitcafsitassid on eb ereht llahs os—：elpoep eht fo snoill eht fo ssenippah gnitsal eht eruces dna ，ngierevos ruoy tsissa ot sa os ，tnnrevog fo sriaffa ruoy llew tcudnoc dna ，stntraped ruoy ot dnetta yltnerever ，sreciffo taerg ey dna ，tnnrevog fo ssenisub dlofeerht eht htiw degrahc ey ！hO“ ，dias gnik ehT .12

。yaw a hcus nieht yb deniatsus ytsanyd eht fo yraew eb reven dluow yeht taht tub ，sreciffo eht fo deiraew eb reven dluow setatS eht taht si gnina eht kniht ton od I 。oohS eht ni segassap tluciffid er yn era ereht tuB 。惟 eht eurtsnoc tonnac eh dna ，skniht eh，elbissdani si ，sreciffo eht ot elpoep eht fo gnileef eht gnibircsed sa ，斁無 ehT 。elbacilpxeni si 斁無惟邦萬，esualc tsal eht taht syas yay-gnǎK gnaW 。治=yltnedive si —，政有爾 。stntraped xis eht fo sreciffo etanidrobus eht lla dednetni era 夫大 yB 。wonk ton od I ，ylevitcepser 牧 dna ，夫準 ，人任 eht saeht yfissalc ot woh tub ；esarhp eht yb dednetni era sretsin xis’ehT .7 。p ，kooB tsal ees—，事三 。DETROHXE EREW YEHT SA GNITCA SRECIFFO DNA SRETSIN EHT FO STLUSER TNENERP DNA YPPAH EHT—：SSERDDA EHT FO DNE EHT .12 。P 。V 。hC